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Tuesday, January 17, 2012

All India PMT CHEMISTRY Syllabus 2012 www.aipmt.nic.in

All India PMT CHEMISTRY Syllabus 2012 www.aipmt.nic.in

CHEMISTRY
Unit : 1 Some basic concepts in Chemistry
Importance of Chemistry, physical quantities and their measurement in Chemistry, SI Units,
uncertainty in measurements and use of significant figures, Unit and dimensional
analysis, Matter and its nature, laws of chemical combinations, atomic, and molecular,
masses mole concept, molar masses, percentage composition and molecular formula,
chemical stoichiometry.
Unit : 2 States of matter

Three states of matter, gaseous state, gas laws (Boyle’s Law and Charles Law), Avogadro’s
Law, Grahams’Law of diffusion, Dalton’s law of partial pressure, ideal gas equation, Kinetic
theory of gases, real gases and deviation from ideal behaviour, van der Waals’ equation,
liquefaction of gases and critical points, Intermolecular forces; liquids and solids.
Unit : 3 Atomic structure
Earlier atomic models (Thomson’s and Rutherford) , emission spectrum of hydrogen atom,
Bohr’s model, of hydrogen atom, Limitations of Bohr’s model, dual nature of matter and
radiation, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, quantum mechanical model of atom (quantum
designation of atomic orbitals and electron energy in terms of principal, angular momentum
and magnetic quantum numbers), electronic spin and spin quantum numbers, Pauli’s
exclusion principle, general idea of screening (constants) of outer electrons by inner electrons
in an atom, Aufbau principle, Hund’s rule, atomic orbitals and their pictorial representation,
electronic configurations of elements.
Unit : 4 Classification of elements and periodicity in properties
Need and genesis of classification of elements (from Doebereiner to Mendeleev), Modern
periodic law and present form of periodic table, Nomenclature of elements with atomic
number > 100, electronic configurations of elements and periodic table, electronic
configuration and types of elements and s, p, d and f blocks, periodic trends in properties of
elements (atomic size, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence/
oxidation states and chemical reactivity).
Unit : 5 Chemical energetics
Some basic concepts in thermodynamics, first law of thermodynamics, heat capacity,
measurement of DU and DH, calorimetry, standard enthalpy changes, thermochemical
equations, enthalpy changes during phase transformations, Hess’s Law, standard enthalpies of
formation, bond enthalpies and calculations based on them.
Unit : 6 Chemical bonding
Kossel -Lewis approach to chemical bond formation, ionic bonds, covalent bonds, polarity of
bonds and concept of electronegativity, valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory ,
shapes of simple molecules, valence bond theory, hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals
and shapes of molecules s and p bonds; Molecular orbital theory involving
homounclear diatomic molecules; Hydrogen-bonding.
Unit : 7 Equilibrium
Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes
Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes, dynamic equilibrium, law of chemical
equilibrium and equilibrium constant, homogeneous equilibrium, heterogenous
equilibrium, application of equilibrium constants, Relationship between reaction
quotient Q, equilibrium constant, K and Gibbs’ energy G; factors affecting equilibrium-Le
Chateliar’s principle.Ionic equilibrium
Acids, Bases and Salts and their ionization, weak and strong electrolytes degree of ionization
and ionization constants, concept of pH, ionic product of water, buffer solution, common ion
effect, solubility of sparingly soluble salts and solubility products.
Unit : 8 Redox reactions
Electronic concepts of reduction - oxidation, redox reactions, oxidation number, balancing of
redox reactions.
Unit : 9 Solid state Chemistry
Classification of solids based on different binding forces: molecular, ionic, covalent and
metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids; unit cells in two dimensional and three
dimensional lattices, calculation of density of a unit cell, packing in solids, voids, number of
atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell, point defects, electrical and magnetic
properties.
Unit : 10 Chemical thermodynamics
Spontaneous processes, energy and spontaneity , entropy and second law of thermodynamics,
concept of absolute entropy, Gibbs energy and spontaneity, Gibbs energy change and
equilibrium constant.
Unit : 11 Solutions
Types of solutions, different units for expressing concentration of solution, mole fraction,
percentage (by volume and mass both), definitions of dilute solutions, vapour pressure of
solutions and Raoult’s Law, Colligative properties, lowering of vapour pressure, depression of
freezing point, elevation of boiling points and osmotic pressure, determination of
molecular masses using colligative properties, abnormal values of molecular
masses, van’t Hoff factor. simple numerical problems.
Unit : 12 Chemical kinetics
Rate of chemical reactions, factors, affecting rates of reactions –concentration,
temperature and catalyst, order and molecularity of reactions, rate law and rate constant,
differential and integral forms of first order reaction, half-life (only zero and first order)
characteristics of first order reaction, effect of temperature on reactions, Arrhenius theory -
activation energy, collision theory of reaction rate (no derivation).
Unit : 13 Electrochemistry
Conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity, variation
of conductivity with concentration, Kohlrausch’s law, electrolysis and laws of electrolysis
(elementary idea), electrolytic and galvanic cells, emf. of a cell, standard electrode potential,
Nernst equation, concentration cell, fuel cells, cell potential and Gibbs energy, dry cell and
lead accumulator.
Unit : 14 Surface chemistry
Adsorption - physisorption and chemisorption, factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids,
catalysis, homogeneous and heterogeneous activity and selectivity, enzyme catalysis,
colloidal state, distinction between true solutions, colloids and suspensions; lyophillic,
lyophobic, multimolecular and macromolecular colloids, properties of colloids, Tyndal effect,
Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation, emulsions - type of emulsions.
Unit :15 Hydrogen
Position of hydrogen in periodic table, isotopes of hydrogen, heavy water, hydrogen peroxidepreparation, reactions and structures; hydrides and their classification.
Unit :16 s-Block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline Earth metals):
Group 1 and Group 2 elementsElectronic configurations and general trends in physical and chemical properties, anomalous
properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationship.
Preparation and properties of some important compounds, sodium carbonate, sodium
hydroxide, sodium hydrogen carbonate and industrial uses of lime and limestone, biological
significance of Na, K, Mg and Ca.
Unit :17 General principles and processes of isolation of elements
Principles and methods of extraction - concentration, reduction, (chemical and electrolytic
methods), and refining.
Occurrence and principles of extraction of Al, Cu, Zn and Fe.
Unit :18 p-Block Elements
Introduction to p-block elements
Electronic configurations and general trends in properties, viz. atomic sizes, ionization
enthalpies, electronegativity values, electron gain enthalpies and oxidation states across the
periods and down the groups in the p-block.
Unique behaviour of the top element in each group of the block - the covalency limit and
the p
p
- p
p
overlap in some molecules (e.g. N2
, O2
) and its consequences; general
trend in catenation tendency down each group.
Group-wise studyofthep-blockElements
Group 13 - In addition to the general characteristics as outlined above,
properties and uses of aluminium, nature of hydrides/ halides and oxides; Properties,
structures and uses of diborane boron halides, aluminium chloride, borax, boric acid and
alums.
Group 14 - In addition to the general characteristics; carbon – catenation, allotropic forms
(diamond and graphite), properties and structures of oxides; silicon - silicon tetrachloride, and
structures and uses of silicates, silicones and zeolites.
Group 15 - In addition to the general characteristics, the general trends in the nature and
structures of hydrides, halides and oxides of these elements. Preparation and properties of
ammonia, nitric acid, phosphine and halides of phosphorus, structures of the oxoacids of
phosphorus.
Group 16 - In addition to the general characteristics, preparations, properties and uses of
dioxygen, simple oxides, ozone; sulphur - allotropic forms, compounds of sulphur,
preparation, properties and uses of sulphur dioxide and sulphuric acid, industrial preparations
of sulphuric acid, structures of oxoacids of sulphur.
Group 17 - In addition to the general characteristics, occurrence, trends in physical and
chemical properties, oxides and oxoacids of halogens (structures only), preparation, properties
and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid, trends in the acidic nature of hydrogen halides.
Interhalogen compounds (structures only).
Group 18 - General introduction, electronic configurations, occurrence, trends in physical and
chemical properties and uses, - fluorides and oxides of xenon (structures only).
Unit :19 The d-and f-Block elements
General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition
metals, general trends in properties of the first row transition metals –physical properties,
ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, colour, catalytic property, magnetic
property, interstitial compounds, alloy formation; preparationsandpropertiesofK2Cr
2O7
andKMnO4
.Lanthanoids - Electronic configuration and oxidation states, chemical reactivity and
lanthanoid contraction.
Actinoids - Electronic configuration and oxidation states.
Unit :20 Coordination compounds
Introduction to ligands, coordination number, colour, magnetic properties, and shapes;
IUPAC - nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, isomerism , bondingvalence bond approach to the bonding and basic ideas of Crystal Field Theory, colour
and magnetic properties. Elementary ideas of metal - carbon bonds and
organometallic compounds, importance of co-ordination compounds (in
qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biological systems).
Unit :21 Some basic principles of Organic Chemistry
- Tetravalence of carbon, hybridization ( s and p ), shapes of simple molecules, functional
groups:-C=C-, -C C- and those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur;
homologous series, isomerism.
- General introduction to naming organic compounds-trivial names and IUPAC
nomenclature.
- Electronic displacement in a covalent bond; inductive effect, electromeric effect,
resonance and hyperconjugation. Fission of covalent bond: free radicals, electrophiles
and nucleophiles, carbocations and carbonanions.
- Common types of organic reactions: substitution, addition, elimination and rearrangement
reactions.
Unit :22 Hydrocarbons
Alkanes andcycloalkanes : classification of hydrocarbons, alkanes and
cycloalkanes,nomenclature and conformations of alkanes and cycloalkanes.
Alkenes and alkynes :Nomenclature and isomerism, general methods of preparation,
properties (physicaland chemical), mechanism of electrophilic addition, Markownikoff’s
rule,peroxide effect, acidic character of alkynes, polymerisation reactions.
Aromatic hydrocarbons :Benzene and its homologues, nomenclature, sources of aromatic
hydrocarbons (coaland petroleum), structure of benzene, chemical reaction of benzenemechanism of electrophilic substitution. Directive influence of substituents and their effecton
reactivity.
Petroleum and petrochemicals : Composition of crude oil fractionation and uses, quality of
gasoline, LPG, CNG, cracking and reforming,petrochemicals.
Unit :23 Purification and characterization of carbon compounds
- Purification of carbon compounds : filtration, crystallisation, sublimation, distillation
chromatography,
- Qualitative analysis : detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and halogens.
- Quantitative analysis : estimation of different elements (H, N, halogens, S and P)
- Determination of molecular masses : Silver salt method, chloroplatinate salt method,
calculations of empirical and molecular formulas.
Unit :24 Organic compounds with functional groups containing halogens (X)
- Nature of C-X bond in haloalkanes and haloarenes, nomenclature, physical and chemical
properties, mechanism of substitution reactions, reactivity of C-X bond in haloalkanes and
haloarenes.
- Some commercially important compounds : dichloro, trichloro and tetrachloromethanes;
p-dichlorobenzene, freons, BHC, DDT, their uses and important reactions.Unit :25 Organic compounds with functional groups containing oxygen
Alcohols and phenols : Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical
properties; chemical reactivity of phenols in electrophilic substitutions, acidic nature of
phenol, ethers: electronic structure, structure of functional group, nomenclature, important
methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, some commercially important
compounds.
Aldehydes and ketones : Electronic structure of carbonyl group, nomenclature, important
methods of preparation, physical properties and chemical reactions, relative reactivity of
aldehydic and ketonic groups, acidity of a-hydrogen, aldol condensation. Connizzarro
reaction, nucleophilic addition reaction to >C=O groups.
Carboxylic acids : Electronic structure of-COOH, Nomenclature, important methods of
preparation, physical properties and effect of substituents on a-carbon on acid strength,
chemical reactions.
Derivatives of carboxylic acids : Electronic structure of acid chloride, acid anhydride, ester
and amide groups, nomenclature, important methods of preparation, comparative reactivity of
acid derivatives. Some commercially important compounds.
Unit :26 Organic Compounds with functional group containing nitrogen
- Structure, nomenclature of nitro, amino, cyano and diazo compounds.
- Nitro compounds – important methods of preparation, physical properties and chemical
reactions.
- Amines : primary, secondary and tertiary amines, a general awareness, important methods
of preparation, physical properties, basic character of amines, chemical reactions.
- Cyanides and isocyanides : preparation, physical properties and chemical reactions.
- Diazonium salts : Preparation, chemical reaction and uses of benzene diazonium chloride.
Some commercially important nitrogen containg carbon compounds, (aniline, TNT)
Unit :27 Polymers
Classification of polymers, general methods of polymerization-addition and condensation:
addition-free radical, cationic, anionic polymerization, copolymerisation, natural rubber,
vulcanization of rubber, synthetic rubbers, condensation polymers, idea of macromolecules,
biodegradable polymers.
Some commercially important polymers (PVC, teflon, polystyrene, nylon-6 and 66, terylene
and bakelite).
Unit :28 Environmental Chemistry
Environmental pollution – air, water and soil pollutions, chemical reactions in atmosphere,
smogs, major atmospheric pollutants, acid-rain, ozone and its reactions, effects of depletion of
ozone layer, green house effect and global warming – pollution due to industrial wastes, green
chemistry as an alternative tool for reducing pollution, strategy for controlling environmental
pollution.
Unit :29 Biomolecules
Carbohydrates : Classification, aldose and ketose, monosaccharides (glucose and fructose),
oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen);
important simple chemical reactions of glucose, elementary idea of structure of pentose and
hexose.
Proteins : Elementary idea of a-amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins; primary,
secondary and tertiary structure of proteins and quaternary structure (gualitative idea only),
denaturation of proteins, enzymes.Vitamins : Classification and functions
Nucleic acids : Chemical composition of DNA and RNA
Lipids : Classification and structure
Hormones : Classification and functions in biosystem.
Unit :30 Chemistry in everyday life
- Chemicals in medicines – analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants,
antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antacids, antihistamins.
- Chemicals in food – preservativess, artificial sweetening agents.
- Cleansing agents – soaps and detergents, cleansing action.
- Rocket propellants : characteristics and chemicals used.

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